‘od’ writes an unambiguous representation of each FILE (‘-‘ means standard input), or standard input if none are given. Synopses: od [OPTION]… [FILE]… od [-abcdfilosx]… [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] od [OPTION]… –traditional [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [[+]LABEL[.][b]]] Each line of output consists of the offset in the...
‘csplit’ creates zero or more output files containing sections of INPUT (standard input if INPUT is ‘-‘). Synopsis: csplit [OPTION]… INPUT PATTERN… The contents of the output files are determined by the PATTERN arguments as detailed below. An error occurs if a PATTERN argument refers...
‘md5sum’ computes a 128-bit checksum (or “fingerprint” or “message-digest”) for each specified FILE. Note: The MD5 digest is more reliable than a simple CRC (provided by the ‘cksum’ command) for detecting accidental file corruption, as the chances of accidentally having two files with identical MD5 are...
‘sum’ computes a 16-bit checksum for each given FILE, or standard input if none are given or for a FILE of ‘-‘. Synopsis: sum [OPTION]… [FILE]…
‘wc’ counts the number of bytes, characters, whitespace-separated words, and newlines in each given FILE, or standard input if none are given or for a FILE of ‘-‘. Synopsis: wc [OPTION]… [FILE]…
‘sha1sum’ computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified FILE. The usage and options of this command are precisely the same as for ‘md5sum’.
‘cksum’ computes a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) checksum for each given FILE, or standard input if none are given or for a FILE of ‘-‘. Synopsis: cksum [OPTION]… [FILE]…
‘split’ creates output files containing consecutive or interleaved sections of INPUT (standard input if none is given or INPUT is ‘-‘). Synopsis: split [OPTION] [INPUT [PREFIX]] By default, ‘split’ puts 1000 lines of INPUT (or whatever is left over for the last section), into each...
‘tail’ prints the last part (10 lines by default) of each FILE; it reads from standard input if no files are given or when given a FILE of ‘-‘. Synopsis: tail [OPTION]… [FILE]… If more than one FILE is specified, ‘tail’ prints a one-line header consisting...
‘fold’ writes each FILE (‘-‘ means standard input), or standard input if none are given, to standard output, breaking long lines. Synopsis: fold [OPTION]… [FILE]… By default, ‘fold’ breaks lines wider than 80 columns. The output is split into as many lines as necessary. ‘fold’...
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